Water Conservation and Management (WCM)

This study addresses the automation of a corona discharge-based drinking water disinfection system and its control using water quality monitoring tools. The research proposes an automated control system that dynamically adjusts the corona discharge parameters based on water quality parameters (pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity). The following key results were obtained: the system consistently maintained microorganism inactivation efficiency between 99,9% and 99,99%, even under fluctuating water quality conditions. For instance, at a turbidity level of 10 NTU, the disinfection efficiency dropped to 99,8%, while at pH values ranging from 6,5 to 8,5, the efficiency remained between 99,9% and 99,99%. The energy consumption was 20%-35% lower compared to traditional methods; for example, the energy consumption for UV irradiation methods ranged from 0,05 to 0,15 kWh/m3, while the corona discharge method remained between 0,5 and 2,0 kWh/m3. The initial models and control algorithms improved the system’s performance in real-time, ensuring stable operation despite changes in water quality parameters. The results demonstrate the significant advantages of the corona discharge method in terms of energy efficiency and stability, proving its ability to maintain high disinfection efficiency even with continuous variations in water quality. Furthermore, this system provides an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient solution for drinking water disinfection.

This study investigates hybrid energy installations that integrate micro-hydropower and solar systems as a sustainable approach to water-based and renewable energy resource management in decentralized mining regions. The key challenge addressed is the high dependence on diesel generators, which leads to significant environmental impacts (800-900 tons of CO₂ emissions annually) and economic inefficiency. As a result of the research, an optimized system configuration consisting of a 50 kW micro-hydropower plant, 40 kW solar photovoltaic panels, and a 25 kWh battery storage system was developed. The proposed hybrid system generates approximately 670000 kWh of electricity per year, reduces diesel dependency by 58-62%, saves 170-185 thousand liters of fuel annually, and decreases CO2 emissions by 450-500 tons. The reliability of the system reaches 92-95%, with an availability coefficient of 0,985-0,991. These results were obtained through mathematical modeling (Equations (8)-(12), AI- and IoT-based forecasting techniques, and laboratory prototyping. A distinctive feature of the proposed solution is its adaptation to unstable load profiles and region-specific climatic and hydrological conditions typical of mining operations. From the perspective of water conservation and environmental management, the use of micro-hydropower ensures efficient utilization of local water resources without large-scale hydrological disturbance. The practical applicability of the results is focused on mining enterprises with limited access to centralized electricity supply. The system operates effectively in regions with stable water flow rates of 50-70 L/s and solar radiation levels of 5,5-6,0 kWh/m2, demonstrating that industrial-scale implementation can significantly reduce diesel consumption, lower CO2 emissions, and enhance overall environmental and economic sustainability. The study also discusses operational limitations (seasonal variability, PV soiling, and component degradation) and outlines maintenance and economic risk considerations for long-term industrial deployment.

Water management in tropical highlands always presents challenges, especially in intensive horticultural lands that experience degradation of soil structure and affect groundwater infiltration. This research method was carried out by surveying the soil with 13 location points. Through infiltration measurements at 13 points and nine-year rainfall analysis in the Twin Lakes area. The data were analyzed statistically descriptive, then looked at the relationship between soil properties and infiltration. The results of the study found that the soil infiltration capacity was much lower than expected for volcanic soils. The measured infiltration was only 0.30– 4.92 cm h⁻¹, while the annual rainfall routinely exceeded 2,000 mm. From field observations and statistical analysis, soil compaction (high bulk density) and decomposition of organic matter play a major role in suppressing infiltration. A strong negative correlation between infiltration and bulk density (r = –0.78) as well as a positive correlation with porosity (+0.71) and C-organic (+0.65) confirmed this relationship. This condition creates a hydrological imbalance, especially in the peak rainy months (November–December) when the soil is often in a post-harvest open state. These findings point to the need for the immediate adoption of conservation measures such as organic mulching, minimum tillage, and vegetative barriers to restore infiltration capabilities and reduce erosion in steep-sloped horticultural areas.

The key aspect of this study is the recommendations for prediction of pulsation loads and calculation of slabs of the drainage basin with energy-absorbing elements of a cavitation-resistant structure. Using computational analysis and hydrodynamic studies, the configuration of the basin was selected, which had not previously been encountered in the operated devices of the downstream of irrigation hydraulic structures. Optimization of the structural elements of the expanding spillway head will ensure reliable operation of the branch channel during the implementation of the modernized preliminary project. This ensures stable flow in the outlet channel below the spillway apron regardless of the stage of cavitation or changes in the spectrum and magnitude of pressure pulsations in individual attachment points and local sections of the damping pool.

Denpasar City faces increasing flood risks due to rapid urbanization and population growth (0.12% per year; density 5,870 people/km²), which reduce infiltration areas, while Nusa Penida experiences chronic drought influenced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), threatening Bali’s tourism sector that contributes approximately 60% of regional GDP. This imbalance in water resources requires an integrated, adaptive approach to water conservation. This study aims to develop a sustainable rainwater harvesting (RWH) model by integrating geospatial analysis, hydrological assessment, and the local wisdom of Tri Hita Karana (THK). Rooftop rainwater harvesting systems were installed on Nusa Penida to address water scarcity in karst areas. In contrast, infiltration wells were installed in Denpasar to reduce surface runoff and enhance groundwater recharge. The results indicate that rainwater harvesting in Nusa Penida generates a surplus of approximately 184.9 million litres, covering about 16% of total domestic water demand. In Denpasar, infiltration well effectiveness ranges from 23.26% to 59.91%, with lower effectiveness observed in South Denpasar due to shallow groundwater levels (±1.5 m). These findings demonstrate that a GIS-based RWH system integrated with Tri Hita Karana values provides a practical, context-sensitive solution to address water inequality in Bali. The proposed model supports green economy-based water conservation policies and offers a replicable framework for sustainable water management in tropical island regions.

Access to a sustainable water supply remains a critical challenge in rural areas, particularly in remote communities with limited infrastructure. This study proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) technology via microcontroller-based automation system designed to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of water supply micro-plants. The proposed system integrates a Raspberry Pi, an ADS1263 analog-to-digital converter, a water level sensor, a water pump, and an IoT platform (ThingSpeak) to monitor and control water levels of reservoir/tank in real-time. By automating pump operation based on water tank levels, the system minimizes manual intervention, ensures efficient water usage, and provides remote accessibility for monitoring. A case study conducted in Kg. Lok Dangkaan, Pitas, Malaysia, demonstrates the system’s effectiveness in ensuring consistent water availability. The findings indicate that automation significantly improves operational efficiency, minimizes water wastage, and supports sustainable water management practices in rural settings. This research contributes to the development of cost-effective, scalable, and technology-driven solutions for addressing water scarcity in underserved communities with further development in the future.

Our study examines the impact of climate change on the hydrology of the Charvak Lake watershed in Uzbekistan, focusing on streamflow from the Pskem, Chatkal, and Koksu rivers during the 1990–2022 period. The analysis evaluated the contributions of snowmelt and glaciers to river flows while addressing modelling limitations, including the absence of dedicated land classes for snow cover and glaciers. This study, conducted under the CGIAR NEXUS Policy Innovation initiative, focused on hydrological modeling using the QSWAT+ tool to better understand these dynamics. Calibration efforts improved model performance, with statistical parameters indicating a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.77, a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.59, and a percent bias (PBIAS) of –15%, demonstrating reasonable agreement between observed and simulated data. However, the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) was low at 0.27, highlighting challenges in accurately simulating extreme flows during peak and low-flow periods. Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope tests showed no statistically significant trends in streamflow for both simulated and observed flows (p = 0.69 and p = 0.31, respectively), though observed data suggested a slight potential increase likely linked to glacier melt.

The literature focuses on the potential of ecoenzymes as biocatalysts in wastewater treatment. The strategy used is Systematic Literature Review as an instrument. Metadata was collected using Publish or Perish, and 3.151 articles were extracted from CrossCef, PubMed, OpenAlex, and Google Scholar during the period 2015- 2025. After eliminating duplicate and anonymous articles, 1.898 articles remained, then bibliometric as data processor which is analyzed by VOSviewer software. This literature study presents a more accurate bibliographical objective for future researchers according to the themes discussed. The potential of ecoenzymes as biocatalysts in wastewater treatment lies in their enzyme content, such as protease, lipase, and amylase. These enzymes play an important role in the degradation of organic pollutants contained in wastewater. In addition, the organic acid and the presence of lactic acid bacteria have been found to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria commonly found in wastewater, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Although they have the potential to be developed as biocatalysts, the application of ecoenzymes in conjunction with existing wastewater treatment technologies such as biofilters, constructed wetlands, and combinations with phytoremediation still face challenges, particularly related to enzyme stability in field conditions. Immobilized enzymes have been proven to be one of the promising methods to enhance enzyme stability. Further studies are needed in scale-up enzyme-based biocatalysts and integration with established systems

River pollution remains a serious environmental issue in Samarinda, Indonesia, largely driven by domestic waste and human activities along riverbanks. This study aims to assess the relationship between community knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward environmental health and to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of river water. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 130 respondents using a structured questionnaire, and water samples from ten locations were analyzed for turbidity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), conductivity, pH, and salinity. Results showed that 62.3% of respondents had high knowledge, but only 7.7% demonstrated good environmental practices. Statistical analysis revealed weak yet significant correlations between knowledge and practice (r = 0.217; p = 0.013) and between attitude and practice (r = 0.206; p = 0.019). Water analysis indicated high turbidity (up to 39.10 NTU), COD levels above 10 mg/L, and acidic pH values (5.0–5.8), exceeding the national standards. These findings highlight the gap between environmental awareness and behavior, alongside poor river water quality. Strengthening community participation, environmental education, and enforcement of water quality regulations are essential to promote behavioral change and improve river ecosystem sustainability.

inactivation in water. Experiments conducted at the Kapshagay Reservoir showed that the PED system inactivated E. coli and P. aeruginosa pathogens by 99.6%- 99.99% within 30- 60 seconds, corresponding to a 4-7 log reduction. The energy consumption ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 kWh/m3, which is more efficient than ozonation (0.03-0.04 kWh/m³), but lower than ultrasonic cavitation (0.2-0.5 kWh/m³). When water conductivity ranged from 420 to 950 µS/cm, the PED system reduced microbial load by 4-7 log levels. The results demonstrate that PED technology is an effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally safe solution for water purification, without the need for chemical reagents. However, to improve its economic feasibility, maintenance costs need to be reduced.The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of pulsed high-voltage electric discharge (PED) for microbial inactivation in real water from the Kapshagay Reservoir and to compare its performance with conventional disinfection methods in terms of energy consumption and treatment time.The novelty of this work lies in applying PED to water from a large natural surface reservoir under seasonally varying hydrochemical conditions (conductivity, turbidity, temperature) and in coupling field-scale experiments with multiphysics modeling and an automated quality-control workflow