Water Conservation and Management (WCM)

The Dee Investigation Simulation Program for Regulating Network (DISPRIN) model is a type of lumped model. This model has 25 parameters whose values are continuous so that it is difficult to apply to solve practical problems. This study aims to improve the performance of DISPRIN so that it is effective and applicable to generate historical discharge data series in a watershed. The combination of the simulation equation system from the DISPRIN model with the parameter optimization method based on the metaheuristic method is expected to produce a new model that is able to carry out the calibration process automatically so that the model becomes easy to apply. The metaheuristic methods involved are: Differential Evolution (DE) Algorithm, Particle Swam Optimization (PSO), synthesis of chaotic search-opposition based learning-differential evolution-quantum mechanism (CODEQ) algorithm, and Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE). The new models produced are then called the DISPRIN-de, DISPRIN-pso, DISPRIN-sce, and DISPRIN￾codeq models. All models were tested in Lesti watershed (314.19 Km2), Malang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. The model calibration stage using hydroclimatology data from 2006 to 2014 showed that all models had an accuracy level equivalent to NSE ranging from 0.892 to 0.931, and the model validation stage using hydroclimatology data from 2014 to 2020 produced NSE values ranging from 0.918 to 0.928. The discharge distribution curve involving all generated discharges showed that the DISPRIN-codeq model was more accurate than the other three models which tended to overestimate high flow events.

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is a persistent environmental issue in coal mining regions, characterized by high acidity and elevated dissolved metal concentrations. Overburden materials play a key role in AMD generation, particularly in the coal-bearing Sawahlunto Formation of the Ombilin Basin, West Sumatra. This study aimed to evaluate the AMD potential of various overburden rock samples through column leaching tests and to assess the neutralization performance of a vertical passive fixed-bed system using different alkaline materials. Leaching tests classified the overburdens of Kandi, Batu Tanjung, and Sikalang as Non-Acid Forming (NAF) with Net Acid Producing Potential (NAPP) values of –0.49, –3.74, and –0.04 kg H₂SO₄/ton, respectively. In contrast, the overburdens of Salak 1, Salak 2, and Salak 3 were Potentially Acid Forming (PAF) with NAPP values of 8.87, 0.25, and 0.76 kg H₂SO₄/ton. Column leaching experiments using selected samples packed in a fixed bed and fed with water at pH 8.5 yielded average effluent pH values of 6.26 (Kandi), 3.54 (Salak 1), and 6.10 (Batu Tanjung), with corresponding total dissolved solids of 442 ppm, 731.4 ppm, and 149 ppm. Neutralization tests using CaO and Silungkang and Kubang limestones produced effluent pH values ranging from 5 to 12.4, with calcium conversions of 23.98%, 47.4%, and 27.77%, respectively. The results indicate that AMD generation is strongly influenced by the mineralogical composition of the overburden, while neutralization performance varies with the type and reactivity of the alkaline medium. System design optimization considering bed height, particle size, and flow rate is recommended to achieve effective AMD control. Further scaling-up studies are essential to ensure the sustainable application of passive neutralization systems in coal mining operations, particularly in sump water treatment.

This study investigates the effectiveness of magnetic treatment as an eco-friendly technique for reducing heavy metal concentrations in wastewater. A laboratory-scale magnetic treatment device was designed with three parallel PVC pipes exposed to different magnetic field intensities (1000, 3000, and 5000 G). Wastewater samples were tested before and after treatment to evaluate variations in lead (Pb²⁺) and nickel (Ni²⁺) concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed a significant reduction in Pb and Ni concentrations, which increased with higher magnetic field intensity, longer exposure time, and alkaline conditions (pH 10). The findings demonstrate that magnetic treatment provides a sustainable, low-energy, and non-chemical approach to improving wastewater quality and reducing heavy metal pollution

Uzbekistan, an arid region in Central Asia, faces significant challenges due to water scarcity and climate change, which jeopardize agricultural productivity and food security. The average air temperature in the Bukhara region, a key agricultural area, increased by 1.18 ℃ from 1941–1985 to 1986–2020. This necessitates the urgent adoption of sustainable water conservation practices. This research aimed to assess the impact of climate change on the Bukhara region’s water resources, conduct hydromodule zoning of irrigated lands using GIS technology, and develop optimized parameters for water-saving irrigation technologies, specifically drip and sprinkler systems, for key crops like cotton and winter wheat.The study utilized B.A. Dospehov’s multifactorial method, SPSS, and ArcGIS software. Hydromodule zoning maps were created by integrating data on groundwater and soil mechanical composition. In medium sandy soils, optimized drip irrigation for cotton, with droppers consuming 1.8 l/h spaced 30 cm apart along 90 cm rows, was irrigated 14 times per season with a total rate of 3563 m3/ha. This technique yielded 46,300–46,500 kg/ha and achieved a water saving of 32–36% compared to conventional methods. For winter wheat, sprinkler irrigation with pre-irrigation soil moisture kept at 70–80–65% of limited field moisture capacity resulted in a grain yield of 66,700 kg/ha. This method, irrigated 12 times a season, saved 2194 m3/ha of water, or 42% less compared to furrow irrigation. The findings underscore the potential of advanced irrigation technologies to enhance water efficiency and crop productivity under arid conditions, providing scientific recommendations for sustainable water-energy-agricultural food production

Ajkwa Estuary, located in Mimika Regency, Central Papua Province, Indonesia, represents a dynamic and biodiverse ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in providing ecosystem services. However, like many estuarine systems globally, the intensification of its use has led to significant environmental challenges. The estuary is particularly susceptible to ecosystem alterations caused by accelerated sedimentation from undeposited tailings originating from mining operations. This study investigates the novel approach to sedimentation area management involving the construction and deployment of estuarine structures, including Geotube and Bamboo E-Groins, to confine sedimentation within designated zones. These interventions aim to manage the land formation, facilitate mangrove colonization, enhancing the estuary’s capacity for water conservation and carbon sequestration as a climate change mitigation measure. Empirical findings demonstrate that the implementation of 2,700-meter-long Geotube structures and 2,800-meter-long bamboo E-Groins effectively increased sediment deposition to a depth of 0.74 meters, creating optimal conditions for mangrove establishment. Mangrove seedlings introduced to the newly formed sedimentary zones exhibited a survival rate of 99%. Carbon sequestration potential was quantified for the 500-hectare mangrove-assisted colonization area, with results indicating an atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration capacity of 422,272.08 tons CO2 equivalent, corresponding to 115,374.88 tons of stored carbon. Projections for a 50,000-hectare expansion of mangrove colonization suggest a total carbon stock of 3,953,566.77 tons, equivalent to the sequestration of 14,470,054.36 tons CO2.

Tanralili Sub-Watershed is the upstream of the Maros watershed which experiences land problems in the form of erosion and sedimentation. The Tanralili Sub-Watershed is a water catchment area that serve as a source of clean water for the Eastern and Northern regions of Makassar. This Sub-Watershed continously experience land use changes in sedimentation rate and as a result decrease the water discharge of the Lekopancing Dam (downstream of the Tanralili Sub-Watershed) from 1000 liters/second to 200 liters/second. Therefore, research related to sedimentation rates in the Tanralili Sub-Watershed is needed to obtain information on the sedimentation rate that occurs. This study used SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tools), a hydrological modeling that calculates sedimentation rates. SWAT procedures are divided into 4 processes, namely delineation, generation of Hydrological Response Unit (HRU), data processing and model simulation. For the procedures, the data input are slope condition, soil type, land cover, and rainfall intensity. The results showed that the accumulation of sediment for 10 years in the Tanralili Sub-Watershed reach 7,618.85 tons/ha/year from 41 Sub-Sub-Watersheds. The highest sediment rate occurs in Sub-Sub-Watersheds number 26, 27, and 38 which are dominated by dryland agricultural land cover and rice fields located on slopes of 25-45%. Meanwhile, the smallest sediment rate occurs in Sub-Sub-Watershed 9 which is dominated by forest land cover which is on a slope of 15-25%.

This study investigates the enhancement of the ETRO-02 ozonator’s efficiency for surface water purification using a voltage inverter. The main objective is to reduce energy consumption while increasing ozone output through the application of high-frequency electrical corona discharge. The research addresses the growing demand for sustainable water purification technologies amid rising pollution levels. Traditional ozonators often suffer from high energy use and unstable ozone generation, limiting their practical deployment.In this study, a multilevel voltage inverter was introduced to stabilize power delivery and improve ozone production efficiency. Experimental testing was conducted using an ETRO-02 ozonator, standard filtration systems, and a custom-built inverter unit. Key operational parameters, including input/output voltage, inverter frequency, and water properties (temperature, pH, hardness), were evaluated. The results showed ozone output increased by 20–30%, with disinfection efficiency reaching up to 97% at optimal conditions.The findings suggest that integrating a voltage inverter significantly improves energy efficiency and operational stability of ozonator-based systems. This approach offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly solution for water treatment. Further research is recommended to optimize long-term performance and explore real-time control through automation systems

The study addresses the prolonged start-up phase in Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBRs), a key limitation that hampers the widespread adoption of biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies despite their high efficiency in removing nitrogen and organic pollutants. This delay is primarily due to the slow establishment of biofilms on carrier media. To overcome this, a pilot-scale study was conducted to evaluate the influence of carrier media physical properties—shape, density, voidage, and hydraulic efficiency—on biofilm development using real municipal wastewater. The system, comprising anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic zones, was operated over 90 days with four different media types, each with distinct geometrical and surface area characteristics. Results showed that spherical carriers with higher voidage and lower density promoted significantly faster biofilm growth, achieving stable biofilm accumulation in 35–45 days. Media 2, a cylindrical type, achieved the highest attached biomass at 10.12 g TS/m² and a biofilm growth rate of 10.12 g TS/m²/day, while Media 1 (spherical) demonstrated enhanced start-up dynamics due to its superior hydraulic properties despite lower total surface area. COD and BOD₅ removal efficiencies improved correspondingly, achieving effluent concentrations as low as 18–20 mg/L (COD) and 4–7 mg/L (BOD₅). The study suggests that traditional measures that rely only on the percentage of protected surface are inadequate. Rather, a composite variable—diameter-to-void ratio divided by hydraulic efficiency—better over hydraulics than predicts biofilm performance. The work described in this study demonstrates a new method for assessment of the carrier media effectiveness, which can be readily utilized as a tool for minimizing the MBBR start-up time, optimizing the media design and improving the scalability of moving biofilm systems for sewage treatment.

The purpose of this study to evaluate the influence of industrial wastewater pollution in the Sohar Industrial Port (SIP) with a particular focus on the presence heavy metals. It aims to highlight the urgent need to balance between economic development and environmental sustainability, urging stricter regulations and improved monitoring systems to protect both the local community and the surrounding ecosystem. This research investigates the environmental and public health effects resulting from industrial activities in the SIP area. The methodology included both primary and secondary data collection to obtain a comprehensive understanding of industrial wastewater pollution in the region. Primary data were collected through the sampling and laboratory analysis of wastewater from SIP. Samples were collected quarterly, specifically in June, September, and December, to monitor seasonal variations. The findings showed heavy metals are health hazards where there were some metals level exceeding the WHO standards, these results considered as risks alarm and has to work on to mitigate its bad effects on the human health. The presence of these pollutants not only threatens the environment but also poses a significant risk to human health. Immediate action is necessary to mitigate these effects and to promote sustainable industrial practices in the area.

In this study, the ability of pistachio shells, as an unconventional adsorbent, to recover thallium cations from contaminated aqueous solutions was investigated. To achieve the objective of the study, practical experiments were conducted using a batch-mode adsorption unit under various operating conditions. The results obtained showed that the pistachio shells have the ability to remove thallium cations with a high efficiency exceeding 86% at room temperature. The results indicated that the maximum treatment efficiency was achieved at values of 7, 350 rpm, 86 ppm, 5 g, 150 min of pH, agitation speed, initial concentration of thallium, dosage of pistachio shell used, and contact time, respectively. Morphological results confirmed that the adsorbed pistachio shells suffered significant changes compared to the virgin shells, as SEM examination showed that the accumulation of thallium cations in their pores led to the formation of a heterogeneous layer of metal particles. On the other hand, adsorption resulted in the consumption of functional groups, according to FT-IR analysis, while the remaining surface area after adsorption was less than 5% of the original surface area.